Published: October 9, 2008
 1 - PARIS — Amid debate over purported bias against American writers, the Swedish Academy on Thursday awarded the 2008 Nobel Prize for literature to Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio, a French novelist, children’s author and essayist regarded by some French readers as one of the country’s greatest living writers.
2 - In its citation, the prize committee called him an “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization.” The prize, won last year by the British author Doris Lessing, was worth $1.43 million.
3 - Mr. Le Clézio , 68, published his first novel —“The Interrogation” — in 1963 and was regarded in the early years of his career as a writer who sought new narrative methods, influenced by travels across the globe, including to Panama, where he lived with an Indian tribe.
4 - The announcement followed days of literary argument over remarks by the secretive Nobel Academy’s permanent secretary, Horace Engdahl, suggesting that American writers were too much under the sway of American popular culture to qualify for the prize.
5 - Mr. Le Clézio has written more than 40 books, 12 of which have ben translated into English. He was born on April 13, 1940, in Nice, but both parents had strong family connections with the former French colony of Mauritius, the Swedish Academy said.
6 - When he was 8, Mr. Le Clézio and his family moved to Nigeria, where the father had been stationed as a doctor during World War II. “During the month-long voyage to Nigeria,” the academy said, “he began his literary career with two books, ‘Un long voyage’ and ‘Oradi noir,’ which even contained a list of “forthcoming books.”
7 - His first novel drew much critical attention. As the Swedish Academy put it on Thursday, “He was a conjurer who tried to lift words above the degenerate state of everyday speech and to restore to them the power to invoke an essential reality.”
His breakthrough novel establishing him as among France’s leading modern writers is generally held to be “Désert” in 1980, which won a prize from the French Academy.
8 - The Nobel committee said on Thursday that “this work contains magnificent images of a lost culture in the North African desert, contrasted with a depiction of Europe seen through the eyes of unwanted immigrants. The main character, the Algerian guest worker Lalla, is a utopian antithesis to the ugliness and brutality of European society.”
9 - Mr. Le Clézio also published collections of essays influenced by long stays in Mexico and Central America, the Swedish Academy said. In 1975 he married his wife, Jemia, a Moroccan, and since the 1990s the two divide their time between Albuquerque, N.M., the island of Mauritius and Nice, the academy said.
10 - Among Mr. Le Clézio’s most recent works are “Ballaciner,” published in 2007 and described by the Nobel committee as “a deeply personal essay about the history of the art of film and the importance of film in the author’s life, from the hand-turned projectors of his childhood, the cult of cinéaste trends in his teens, to his adult forays into the art of film as developed in unfamiliar parts of the world.”
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